Grammar

लकार

A verb root takes 10 kinds of affixes — लट्, लिट्, लुट्, लृट्, लेट्, लोट्, लङ्, लिङ्, लुङ्, and लृङ् — to convey tenses and moods. लिङ् लकार is further divided into विधिलिङ् and आशीर्लिङ्।

तिप्	तस्	झि
सिप्	थस्	थ
मिप्	वस्	मस्
त	आताम्	झ
थास्	आथाम्	ध्वम्
इट्	वहिङ्	महिङ्

Hence, तिङ् (abbreviation: प्रत्याहार).

• लट् = Present tense
• (लेट्) = In the Vedas
• लुङ्, लङ्, लिट् = Past
• लुट्, लृट् = Future
• लृङ् = conditional (past or future that didn’t occur)
• लोट्, विधिलिङ् = command/request etc.
• आशीर्लिङ् = benediction

लट् वर्तमाने, लेट् वेदे, भूते लुङ्-लङ्-लिटः तथा । विधि-आशिषोः तु लिङ्-लोटौ, लृट् लुट् लृङ् च भविष्यति ॥

flowchart LR
    D["धातुः"]

    %% Mood Based branch - arrows point INTO D so they render on the left
    Vidhi["विधिलिङ्"] --- D
    Ashir["आशीर्लिङ्"] --- D
    Lot["लोट्"] --- D
    Lrin["लृङ्"] --- D

    %% Time Based branch - arrows point OUT from D so they render on the right
    D --> Bhoot["भूतकालः"]
    D --> Vart["वर्तमानकालः"]
    D --> Bhavi["भविष्यत्कालः"]

    Bhoot --- Lang["लङ्"]
    Bhoot --- Lung["लुङ्"]
    Bhoot --- Lit["लिट्"]

    Vart --- Lat["लट्"]

    Bhavi --- Lrut["लृट्"]
    Bhavi --- Lut["लुट्"]

    style D stroke-width:2px

    style Vidhi fill:#f9c6e0,stroke:#c74fa0
    style Ashir fill:#f9c6e0,stroke:#c74fa0
    style Lot fill:#f9c6e0,stroke:#c74fa0
    style Lrin fill:#f9c6e0,stroke:#c74fa0

    style Lang fill:#d4f7d4,stroke:#3a7a3a
    style Lung fill:#d4f7d4,stroke:#3a7a3a
    style Lit fill:#d4f7d4,stroke:#3a7a3a
    style Lat fill:#d4f7d4,stroke:#3a7a3a
    style Lrut fill:#d4f7d4,stroke:#3a7a3a
    style Lut fill:#d4f7d4,stroke:#3a7a3a

flowchart TB
    Root["कालः (Tense)"]

    Root --> P["भूतकालः (Past)"]
    Root --> Pr["वर्तमानकालः (Present)"]
    Root --> F["भविष्यत्कालः (Future)"]

    %% PAST: सामान्य applies regardless of today/not-today
    P --> PGen["लुङ् — अगमम्<br/>(सामान्यभूत:<br/>अद्यतन वा अनद्यतन वा)"]
    P --> PMarked["विशिष्ट-अनद्यतन-रूपाणि"]

    PMarked --> PApar["अपरोक्षे<br/>लङ् — अगच्छम्"]
    PMarked --> PPar["परोक्षे<br/>लिट् — जगाम"]

    %% PRESENT: only one option
    Pr --> PrForm["लट् — गच्छामि<br/>(अधुना, इदानीम्)"]

    %% FUTURE: सामान्य applies regardless of today/not-today
    F --> FGen["लृट् — गमिष्यामि<br/>(सामान्यभविष्यत्:<br/>अद्यतन वा अनद्यतन वा)"]
    F --> FMarked["लुट् — गन्तासि<br/>(केवलम् अनद्यतने)"]

    style F fill:#f5b48a
    style P fill:#f5b48a
    style Pr fill:#f5b48a
    style FGen fill:#8fd98f
    style FMarked fill:#8fd98f
    style PrForm fill:#8fd98f
    style PGen fill:#8fd98f
    style PApar fill:#8fd98f
    style PPar fill:#8fd98f

---

गण

भ्वादिगणः	भू (to be)	भवति
अदादिगणः	अद् (to eat)	अत्ति
जुहोत्यादिगणः	हु (to offer an oblation)	जुहोति
दिवादिगणः	दिव् (to gamble/play)	दीव्यति
स्वादिगणः	सूञ् (to procreate)	सुनोति
तुदादिगणः	तुद् (to torment)	तुदति
रुधादिगणः	रुध् (to hinder)	रुणद्धि
तनादिगणः	तन् (to extend)	तनोति
क्र्यादिगणः	क्रीञ् (to buy)	क्रीणाति
चुरादिगणः	चुर् (to steal)	चोरयति

The first constituent — धातु — denotes the action; the second — विकरण-प्रत्यय — expresses which गण the root belongs to. Each गण generally has a distinct विकरण-प्रत्यय by which the गण can be identified. The third constituent conveys the लकार, पुरुष, and वचन.